MON2018.06.26 Mongolian democracy has a familiar ailment, and it’s all about money
By Simon Denyer
June 26 at 5:18 AM
While 30 percent of Mongolians live below the poverty line, in parts of the capital, businesses thrive, reshaping the city with new buildings. (Giulia Marchi/For The Washington Post)
ULAANBAATAR — Every post had its price. About $400,000 to become a cabinet minister, $120,000 to be the director of a government agency, $4,000 for a senior specialist’s role within the bureaucracy. More than 8,000 jobs in Mongolia’s government and state-owned enterprises were being offered by the Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) if it won parliamentary elections, in return for the money the party needed to run its campaign.
From the capital,
Ulaanbaatar, alone, party officials planned to raise 60 billion tugriks ($25 million)
in campaign financing from business elites and foreign investors, according to
audio recordings released by whistleblower Ganbold Dorjzodov between 2016 and
2017.
What
Mongolians call the “60 billion
case” was
one of the biggest political scandals to hit the country since it became a
democracy in 1990, and it exposed the fundamental weakness at the heart of that
democracy — arguably the fundamental weakness at the heart of many democracies around
the world.
“Mongolians
have realized that the source of corruption is campaign finance,” said a
leading independent economist, Jargalsaikhan Dambadarjaa, who runs the
influential Jargal Defacto website. “Those who
give money through these political parties control all of Mongolia, control all
the government.”
With business
controlling politics, voters feel alienated. There is a disillusionment with
democracy that is familiar across the globe and that lies behind the rise of
populist demagogues from Asia to the Americas.
Inspired by events in
the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, thousands of young Mongolians demonstrated
in 1989 and 1990 against the country’s authoritarian communist government,
winning a peaceful transition to democracy that was initially greeted with
tremendous enthusiasm and hope.
In
1993, turnout in the country’s first free presidential election was nearly
93 percent. In 2017, that figure slipped to just over 68 percent, with nearly
19,000 people out of 1.4 million voters casting blank ballots to protest
the quality of candidates on offer.
The winning candidate, Khaltmaa Battulga, was a business
tycoon and former wrestler who cast himself as an outsider — a populist,
anti-establishment figure. The man he defeated, Miyegombo Enkhbold of the MPP,
was one of the politicians allegedly caught on the famous audio
recordings.
In
India, severe restrictions on how political parties can raise money have driven
campaign finance underground and fostered a culture of corruption and
kickbacks, experts say. In the United States, the system is more transparent,
but studies show that the need to raise money to finance election
campaigns means business elites have vastly more influence over policy than
average citizens.
In Mongolia, a law
requiring political parties to report on their finances is simply ignored. And
once businesses fund politicians, they expect something in return: tenders for
government contracts and licenses to mine are often sold for bribes or given
away to those who have already paid, experts say.
It
is no coincidence that the proceeds from Mongolia’s vast reserves of coal,
copper and gold flow disproportionately to the elite, while nearly 30 percent
of the country lives below the poverty line.
In Ulaanbaatar, poorer and richer neighborhoods co-exist. (Giulia Marchi/For The Washington Post)
Luvsandendev Sumati,
director of the independent Sant Maral polling organization, says Mongolians
still demonstrate strong support for democratic ideals, such as that everyone
should be equally treated by the law and have the right to express their
opinions freely.
But they are less
impressed with the performance of their elected representatives.
Nearly
34 percent of respondents in Sant Maral’s latest poll said they believed that
government policies mainly supported the rich, while a further 42 percent said
policy was driven by “self-interested politicians” who lacked concern for
society at large.
More than 6 in 10
said voters had little or no influence on political decision-making, and 87
percent said political parties did not represent public opinion.
Cynicism also breeds
short-termism. Voters kick out incumbents at almost every opportunity,
and many politicians make the most of their limited time in power to fill
their pockets and those of their supporters. Bureaucrats are replaced whenever
power changes hands, so cronies rather than impartial experts fill many of the
top jobs.
And
money corrupts in other ways, too: Nearly three-quarters of the most popular
media outlets were either founded or are now owned by current or former
high-ranking state officers, according to a survey by Reporters Without Borders and
the Press Institute of Mongolia.
In
turn, instability and corruption have left many Mongolians yearning for a
strong leader to look after their interests. While 2 in 3 people said a
democratic system was good or rather good in Sant Maral’s March poll, more than
3 out of 4 expressed approval for a “strong leader who does not have to bother
with the parliament and elections.”
Mongolian President Khaltmaa Battulga, a former wrestler and self-proclaimed political outsider, works out last month. He wants to bar anyone from the mining industry, which dominates the country’s economy, from getting involved in politics. (Giulia Marchi/For The Washington Post)
The current
president, Battulga, wants to see the law changed so that no one involved in
the mining business, which dominates Mongolia’s economy, is allowed to get into
politics. His immediate predecessor wanted to introduce a law demanding more
transparency in party finances.
But
parliament is where the power lies in Mongolian politics, and it isn’t
interested in passing laws that would threaten the two main parties’ cozy hold
on power, experts say.
True,
Mongolia’s anti-graft agency arrested two former prime ministers and a former finance minister in April over accusations of
kickbacks during negotiations over a major copper mine. But the suspicion
remains that corruption charges tend to be brought only after politicians lose
power, not before.
Dorjzodov, the
whistleblower, was working as chief strategy officer for an MPP-supporting
businessman when he recorded audio of the campaign finance meeting on his
iPad.
The
National Institute of Forensic Science examined the recording and initially
declared that it was genuine, but after the MPP won 2016 parliamentary
elections it changed its mind and decided it was “fabricated,” Dorjzodov says.
MPP politicians in
turn insisted that the audio had been “spliced together,” but independent
expert analysis conducted in the United States concluded that it had not been
tampered with.
For the past two
years, Dorjzodov has been threatened by politicians, harassed by police,
interrogated and detained by intelligence agents, and denounced in the media.
Even today, he can’t find work.
“I felt the public
should know what was being talked about behind the scenes,” he said in an
interview in a private location. “My goal was to open voters’ eyes to what
politicians are really like.”
So, if he could
relive the past, would he do it all over again?
“Of
course,” he replied, without a flicker of doubt. “I am still optimistic. I hope
my action will bring other people out.”
Source: www.washingtonpost.com
Simon Denyer is The Post’s bureau chief in Beijing. He previously worked as The Post's bureau chief in New Delhi; a Reuters bureau chief in Washington, New Delhi and Islamabad, Pakistan; and a Reuters correspondent in Nairobi, New York and London.